Key Concepts of Motivation and 2L Learning

Richards, Jack C., John Platt dan Heidi Platt. 1992. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. Essex: Longman.

KUTIPAN LANGSUNG

Motivation
the factors that determine a person's desire to do something. In SECOND LANGUAGE and FOREIGN LANGUAGE learining, learning may be affected differently by different types of motivation. Two type of motivation are sometimes distinguished:
a. instrumental motivation: wanting to learn a language because it will be useful for certain "instrumental" goals, such as getting a job, reading a foreign newspaper, passsing an examination.
b. integrative motivation: wanting to learn a language in order to communicate with people of another culture who speak it.

Further reading Gardner & Lambert 1972
(Hal. 238)

Foreign Language
1. a language which is not a NATIVE LANGUAGE in a country. A foreign language is usually studied either for communication with foreigners who speak the language, or for reading printed materials in the language.
In North America applied usage, "Foreign Language" and "second Language" are often used to mean the same in this sense.
2. In British usage, a distiction is often made between foreign language and second language.

a. a foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a lanugage of communication within a country (e.g. in government, business, or industry). english is described as a foreign language in France, Japan, China, etc.
b. a second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication (e.g. in education and in government) and which is ususally used alongside another language or languages. Englsih is described as a second language in countries such as Fiji, Singapore and Nigeria.

In both Britain and North America, the term "second language' would describe a native language in a country as learnt by people living there who have another FIRST LANGUAGE. English in the UK would be called the second language of immigrants and people whose first language is Welsh.

(Hal. 142-143)

Language Acquisition
the learning and development of a person language. The learning of a native or first language is called FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, and of a second or foreign language, SECOND LANGUAGE.The term "acquisition' is often preferred to "learning" because the latter term is sometimes lingked to a behaviorist theory of learning (see BEHAVIORISM). Language acquisition is studied by linguist, psychologist and applied linguist to enable them to understand the process used in learning a language, to help identify stages in the developmental process, and to give a better understanding of the nature of language. Techniques used include longitudinal studies of language learners as well as experimental approaches, and focus on the study of the development of phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and communicative competence.

Furthe reading Elliot 1981; Fletcher 1985

(Hal. 197)